Copyright: 2011 Han SH, et al. Jamar dynamometer and pinch gauge have been found to give the most accurate and acceptable measures of grip and pinch strength respectively. As such the relationships shown with age may partly represent cohort effects [45]. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institution. No, Is the Subject Area "Skewness" applicable to this article? 1551 0 obj <> endobj This measuring tools should be performed by having the patients in seated position with the shoulder adducted, not rotated to either side, and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees with the forearm and wrist in neutral position, as recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapist. endobj 1590 0 obj <>stream A secondary objective was to examine the impact of different aspects of measurement protocol on the centile values obtained. 0000015525 00000 n (Figure 6) Among them, tripod pinch strength was most correlated with the grip strength. (1984). (2008). Our findings have confirmed that grip strength increases to a peak in early adult life and is then followed by a period of maintenance prior to decline with increasing age and that this age related decline in grip strength starts as early as the fifth decade of life in both men and women. Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom, Affiliation In our study, the number of left and right hand dominant individuals were 42 (8.2%) and 473 (91.2%) respectively. Two individuals were reluctant to reveal that they were left handed. (1999). Tripod pinch: Tripod pinch increased with aging and peaked in thirties (mean 9.77kg in men and 6.68kg in women). Am J Occup Ther 49(7): 637-644. (2012). (2009). Figure S3, Centiles stratified by position of measurement. The majority of studies used three trials from each hand, except for N85 and the first wave of NSHD, which used two trials. Open Orthop J 2: 86-90. It is important that any cut-off values relate to relevant outcomes. var months = new Array ("January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December") Figure S2, Centiles stratified by dynamometer type. Clearly there is a need to examine similar relationships in a longitudinal fashion if individual values of grip strength are to be used as a marker of those at risk of adverse outcomes. Home > Fitness Testing > Resources > Products > Handgrip Dynamometer > Norms. The life course epidemiology framework recognises that factors which promote healthy ageing may operate both by increasing the peak grip strength obtained in early adult life as well as by attenuating decline thereafter [10]. Yes Pryce et al. In 2021, your cash gifts may also favorably impact your taxes, thanks to the extension of many of the charitable provisions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act. Three pinch strengths were measured using the Jamar pinch gauge (Pinch Gauge, PG 60, B&L Engineering, Tustin, CA, USA). And there was no difference between right and left hand in all measures except key pinch in left hand dominant individuals, which was similar with the Petersons study. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. No, Is the Subject Area "Longitudinal studies" applicable to this article? All pinch strengths peaked in thirties except the tip pinch in men (peaked in forties) and the tripod pinch was the strongest among them. Fluctuation in grip and pinch strength amongnormal subjects. As hand strength varies depending on the measuring method and a patients position, reliable and valid evaluation of hand strength is necessary. Grip and pinch strengths are important parameters when evaluating the power of the hand [7-9]. [4], and Fess [5], grip strength depends on the set level of the handle. Data Availability: The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. Then they declined gradually throughout life for both men and women. Select your language of interest to view the total content in your interested language, Dersleri yznden olduka stresli bir ruh haline. (1985). Finally, we compared our values to those from three studies which considered age-related differences in grip strength during the decline phase. Cohort and cross-sectional studies of the general population conducted in Great Britain (GB) contain a wealth of grip strength data, which in keeping with clinical practice, have been collected using a variety of measurement protocols. Innes, E. (1999). We carried out data management using Stata version 12.0 [32]. 0000104481 00000 n By fitting centile curves that span all stages of the life course, we have established more informative peak values on which to base T-scores. Find it on PubMed. Grip and pinch strength: normative data foradults. Lauretani et al [31] examined the optimum grip strength values for detecting slow measured walking speed and self-reported difficulty in walking 1 km; they found that grip strength of 30 kg in males and 19 kg in females provided the optimum balance between sensitivity and specificity. Three of these [12], [36], [37] showed agreement with our results, with average differences of around 6%. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Young et al. Taken together, this meant that the total number of grip strength values we could use in analyses varied: either three (ADNFS and LBC1921), four (N85 and the first wave of NSHD) or six (the remainder). 0000004143 00000 n Find it on PubMed, Bellace, J. V., Healy, D., et al. 0000009356 00000 n We used restricted cubic splines to model the relationship between age and each of the three model parameters: the median, variation and skewness. The TILDA study in Ireland [11] stratified values into two height groups; our values were around 15% higher the average of the groups. Use our testing guide to conducting, recording, and interpreting fitness tests. If this is an emergency, please dial 911, A Young Scientist's Journey after a Stroke, Care by the Numbers: Skilled Nursing versus Inpatient Rehabilitation, WSJ: Recognizing Aphasia and Seeking Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Ranked No. The waves of the Southampton Women's Survey included in this analysis were funded by the Medical Research Council, the University of Southampton, Dunhill Medical Trust, Arthritis Research UK and the UK Food Standards Agency. Mathiowetz, V. (2002). Grip test; the use of a dynamometer with adjustable hand spacings. 0000126794 00000 n We also compared our values to those from four studies addressing adult ages either side of the peak (ages 2080). From our results, we conclude that the different dynamometers used produce acceptably similar normative data, albeit within the ages at which measurements were observed. The life course trajectory identified for grip strength in our study is similar to the well-established life course trajectory of bone mineral density (BMD) [30]. We used a total of 60,803 observations of grip strength from 49,964 participants to produce the centile values for grip strength as shown in Table 2 and Figure 1. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the normative data produced by this study are robust to a range of dynamometer types and also to measurement in the seated or standing positions. 0000005712 00000 n 3 0 obj 60$g`bd`J2w r The hand strength of normal Koreans have increased compared with the data from some reports in 10 years ago, and they are close to the average strengths of Caucasians. However our study showed that grip strength peaked in thirties (48.796.27kg in men and 28.225.83kg in women) This result is similar to the study reported by Massy et al. e113637. "Maximal grip force in chronic stroke subjects and its relationship to global upper extremity function." Figure 2: Jamar pinch gauge (Pinch Gauge, PG 60, B&L Engineering, Tustin, CA, USA) and the position of measurement (A) Jamar pinch gauge dynamometer (B) Tip pinch is thumb to index finger (C) Key pinch is thumb pad to lateral aspect of middle phalanx of index finger (D) Tripod pinch is thumb pad to pads of index and middle fingers. R/ $/]!ft@#h`6qE;@$;Nj2+] Cy)-=LV:%0pH{x!A. We carried out sensitivity analyses by producing further sets of centile curves and comparing these to our main findings. The third study [37] reported normative data for male participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Among 235 male patients, 213 patients (90.6%) were right hand dominant and 22 patients (9.4%) were left hand dominant. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.t001. Males reached a peak median grip of 51 kg (to the nearest whole kg) between ages 29 and 39, compared to the peak female median grip of 31 kg between ages 26 and 42. (1995). Peterson et al. "Reliability of maximal static strength measurements of the arms in subjects with hemiparesis." 194lbs you must be a huge 12-year-old. "A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach." This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institution. A physical examination was performed to see if there were any hand deformities or limitation of finger range of motion. We found no evidence of skewness or kurtosis in grip strength at any age. We have reviewed nearly 300 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others. Find it on PubMed. The objective of this paper was to produce cross-sectional centile values for grip strength across the life course by pooling data from a range of general population studies conducted in GB. 0000001247 00000 n in 1995 [11], grip strength peaked in twenties in both sexes (43.97.3kg in men and 27.31.5kg in women). We set the dynamometer at level II which showing the highest scores in most of the examinees and chose the posture which was recommended by Fess [5]. "Comparison of Rolyan and Jamar dynamometers for measuring grip strength." Pleasee-mail us! Pearson correlation analysis is used to find the most correlated pinch strength with the grip strength. Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Affiliations Several attempt is usually required to get the maximum score. (2014) Grip Strength across the Life Course: Normative Data from Twelve British Studies. We looked for evidence of kurtosis in the grip strength values by using the Box-Cox power exponential distribution. Males were on average stronger than females from adolescence onwards: males peak median grip was 51 kg between ages 29 and 39, compared to 31 kg in females between ages 26 and 42. "August","September","October","November","December") Yes The strength of the left and right hand can also vary, so the tests should be either be conducted on the same side, on the dominant side, or done on both sides and averaged. % (1996). Shirley Ryan AbilityLab does not provide emergency medical services. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Lang, C. E., Edwards, D. F., et al. xZs6*|dRkPJ>w!,L&x!1RYHjuvm[~]=~W*{ Bx!'K4Hw{7a9p0 D%iDVz'|SmTNr 3{YJUU|}tJe 8[P [10] reported that repeated measuring of hand strength more than 2 times can cause fatigue and was not beneficial than a single measurement. On the reliability and usefulness of methods for grip strength measurement. var md = new Date(document.lastModified) (2007). Our results expand on the range of ages as well as the contributing sample sizes of existing studies presenting normative data for grip strength. They can be used in setting surgical or rehabilitation goals or comparing different treatment methods. The majority (n=8) of studies measured grip in the seated position for all participants. Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, Open Access Journals. <> Anyone who had restriction of movement in the upper limbs, a history of inflammatory joint disease, for example osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis on any joint of the wrist and hand, or any neurological disorder or injury involving upper extremities by self report were excluded. Analyzed the data: RD. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Lindstrom-Hazel, D., Kratt, A., et al. First, the grip strength of the right and the left hand were measured, subsequently the tip pinch of the right and the left hand were measured. First, our data contained a limited range of birth years (at most 32 years) for any given ten year age group. The same setting should be used when retesting. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.s001. The unit of whole values was kilogram (Kg). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.s002. Figure 5: Distribution (probability density function) of grip strength of the left hand dominant men (left) and the left hand dominant women (right) : right hand (blue), left hand (red). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.t002. Find it on PubMed, Ziv, E., Patish, H., et al. Data access details for 12 included studies. Bohannon et al [12] have previously combined data from 12 studies in adulthood; however, these studies were predominantly modestly-sized samples drawn from the USA. 1-844-355-ABLE. : A clinically meaningful interpretation of grip strength measurements in healthy and disabled women." The normative values from the fourth study [38], based in Switzerland, were on average 11% higher than ours. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 20 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The majority (n=10) of studies had measured grip strength at one or two waves, with LBC1921 and N85 having data from three and four waves, respectively. Right hand dominant individuals: Comparisons between the left and right hands of right hand dominant individuals demonstrated that the right hand was stronger than the left hand in all measures that we performed (grip strength and 3 types of pinch strengths) and the differences were statistically significant via paired t-test (p < .05) (Figure 5) The average of the left grip strength was 94.05% of the right grip strength. Is the Subject Area "Hand strength" applicable to this article? There is considerable interest in its role as a marker of healthy ageing, as an outcome in intervention studies, and as a potential tool for clinical assessment [7][9]. The Hertfordshire Ageing Study and the Hertfordshire Cohort Study were funded by the UK Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, Arthritis Research United Kingdom and the University of Southampton. Normative values from UK Biobank were stratified into eight height groups [39]; in comparison to the average of the middle two groups, our values were on average 7% higher. The prevalence of weak grip increased rapidly in late adult life; using a T-score of 2.5, our results suggested that by age 80, around a quarter had weak grip strength (23.0% of males and 26.6% of females). The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 50(2): 133-138. 0000011471 00000 n These were derived relative to the peak mean (SD) for grip strength of 51.9 (9.9) kg in males and 31.4 (6.1) kg in females, both occurring at age 32. 2022 - Open Access Publisher. The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 was funded by Age UK (Disconnected Mind project). Epidemiological studies have shown that weaker grip strength in later life is associated with disability, morbidity, and mortality. Yes We combined 60,803 observations from 49,964 participants (26,687 female) of 12 general population studies in Great Britain. Find it on PubMed, Desrosiers, J., Bravo, G., et al. "Normative data for grip strength of elderly men and women." Before measuring grip and pinch strength, all 515 individuals were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire regarding demographic information, occupation, current medical status, histories of disease or fracture that were related to hand or upper extremities. Correlation between grip strength and pinch strength, Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify the relation between grip strength and 3 types of pinch strength. The work was done within the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Mr/K026992/1); funding from the Medical Research Council and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council is appreciated. PLoS ONE 9(12): A T-score of less than or equal to 2 has previously been used by Lauretani et al [31] for grip strength, although the prevalence figures for weak strength that they report using this value, especially those for men, are considerably higher than our own. Visit for more related articles at Journal of Novel Physiotherapies. There is therefore a requirement for normative data for grip strength which cover all stages of the life course. 0000001340 00000 n (r = .84) (Figure 4). Core support for the ALSPAC study is provided by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (092731). Figure 1: Jamar grip strength dynamometer (Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, 5030J1) and the position of measurement (A) Jamar dynamometer is set at the level II (B) The subject is in a seated position with the shoulder adducted, not rotated to either side, and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees with the forearm and wrist in neutral position. Tip pinch: Tip pinch increased with aging and peaked in forties in men and peaked in thirties in women (mean 7.90kg in men and 4.96kg in women). Existing normative data have focussed mainly on older ages [11] with relatively few studies examining childhood, adolescence, and early adult life. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637. Studies on the peculiarity of grip strength in relation to body positions and aging. ADNFS Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey, ALSPAC Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, HAS Hertfordshire Ageing Study, HCS Hertfordshire Cohort Study, LBC1921 and LBC1936 Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936, N85 Newcastle 85+ Study, NSHD Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, SWS Southampton Womens Survey, SWSmp mothers and their partners from the SWS, T-07 West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study, UKHLS Understanding Society: the UK Household Panel Study. Occup Ther Int 9(3): 201-209. + " " + md.getFullYear()); Video examples of the Handgrip Strength Test, Scotty Dean is Full of Crap Scotty Dean (2020), Ken S., As Seen On Watch Lists Luis (2016). 0000003633 00000 n 0000001739 00000 n The average of the left tripod pinch was 104.9% of the right hand. Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip strength? Healthy Adults and Patients with Primary Osteoarthritis of the hand (POAH): (Ziv et al, 2008;n= 32 POAH; mean age 70.4 (10),n= 25 healthy adults; mean age 74.6 (8.4); measured twice within one week; Jamar dynamometer), (Vassilis, G., 2012;n= 90; three groups: prepubertal 9.8(0.7), adolescents 14.4 (0.6), and adults 26.1 (5.6); three maximal isometric contractions on each hand, two occasions, one day apart), (Massy-Westropp et al, 2011; 1366 mean and 1312 women, community based Australian population, healthy adults, Jamar hand dynamometer), Men Hand Grip Strength in kilograms: Mean(SD), Women Hand Grip Strength in kilograms: Mean(SD), (Mathiowetz et al, 1985; 628 volunteers between the ages of 20 - 94, free from disease or injury that can affect UE strength; Jamar dynamometer in pounds), (Mathiowetz et al, 1984; n = 27; mean age 25; female OT students; two separate observations), (Reddon et al., 1985, n = 12, 6 men (21 to 36 yr.), 6 women (20 to 31 yr.), tested weekly for 10 weeks), (Lindstrom-Hazel et al., 2009, n = 73 convenience sample, three trials bilaterally, healthy students, facility, and staff members from Midwest University), (Mathewetz, V., 2002; n = 60; 30 females 30-49 years old mean 38.4 and 30 males 20-50 mean age 37.8; free from any neuromuscular or orthopedic dysfunction; testing between Jamar and Rolyan dynamometers), (Peolsson, 2001; n = 32; mean age = 29; convenient sample healthy adults; three test leaders), (Bellace et al, 2000; n = 62; ages of 18-50, randomized order of testing between Jamar and Dexter dynamometer; healthy adults), (Nitschke et al, 1999; n = 42; mean age 32.3 (7.3) healthy female subjects & 42.6 (11.8) nonspecific regional pain in upper arm female subjects; Jamar dynamometer), Abizanda, P., Navarro, J. L., et al. <> These centile values have the potential to inform the clinical assessment of grip strength which is recognised as an important part of the identification of people with sarcopenia and frailty. Yes vk0(Hb/I2. Philanthropic support truly drives our mission and vision. Journal of hand therapy 18(4): 426-428. Peolsson, A., Hedlund, R., et al. A secondary objective was to examine the impact of different aspects of measurement protocol. 0000014423 00000 n "How forearm position affects grip strength." Our study shows that the strength of males and females is similar until adolescence, after which males began to gain strength more rapidly to a higher peak median of 51 kg between ages 29 and 39, compared to the peak female median grip of 31 kg between ages 26 and 42. Our study had a similar result. Then they declined gradually thereafter. Those who chose to sit or were unable to stand tended to be weaker and this difference became more pronounced with age until the ninth decade when their 10th centile values approached 10 per cent lower than the combined results. 0000009378 00000 n Data access arrangements for the various datasets are described in the Supporting Information files. 0000107236 00000 n Second, our normative data for grip are cross-sectional and are likely to underestimate individual decline; our centiles should therefore not be used for monitoring individual trajectories in grip strength [40], [50], [51]. Our objective was to produce cross-sectional centile values for grip strength across the life course. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637, Editor: Jose Vina, University of Valencia, Spain, Received: September 3, 2014; Accepted: October 27, 2014; Published: December 4, 2014. "Testretest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained over a 12-week interval from community-dwelling elders." A change of more than 6 kg (13.2 lb) is necessary to detect a genuine change in grip strength 95% of the time. The tip pinch is thumb to index finger, the key pinch is thumb pad to lateral aspect of middle phalanx of index finger, and the tripod pinch is thumb pad to pads of index and middle fingers. Then they declined gradually thereafter. First, we included data from many large general population studies in GB covering all stages of the life course. <>>> Yes J Hand Ther 13(1): 46-51. Find it on PubMed. Multivariate analysis for the explanation of grip and pinch strengths with these factors will be challenging. Bohannon, R. W. and Schaubert, K. L. (2005). The study on grip and pinch strengths of 628 volunteers in Milwaukee region by Virgil et al. Then key pinch and tripod pinch were measured by the similar methods. Grip strength was measured using the Jamar hand dynamometer (Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, 5030J1, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA). Sallinen et al [9] looked at self-reported difficulties with mobility and found similar overall cut-off s: 37 kg in males and 21 kg in females. However the three previously published studies may not provide reliable estimates of the general population since they contained small numbers of individuals at each given age and gender: at most 43 (mean 22) in each of the ages compared. "Handgrip strength testing: a review of the literature." MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom, Affiliation (2008). Journal of Hand Therapy 12(1): 25-30. 1997-2022 Topend Sports Network The results can also be affected by the position of the wrist, elbow and shoulder, so these should be standardized. %PDF-1.3 % There is also a simple norm table provided on the grip strength testing procedure page, and there are some grip strength results of athletes. In conclusion, we have used existing data from a range of studies conducted in GB to produce centile curves for grip strength across the life course. Fewer normative data for grip strength in children and adolescents were available for comparison. "Hand force of men and women over 65 years of age as measured by maximum pinch and grip force." Commenting is closed on this page, though you can read some previous comments below which may answer some of your questions. We have combined data from 12 general population studies conducted in GB to produce normative data for grip strength across the life course. 0000053789 00000 n 0000002608 00000 n This was also the case for centiles stratified by whether participants were seated (as per protocol) or standing. Females and males had similar prevalence of weak grip strength during the decline phase. You should consider the validity, reliability, costs and ease of use for each test. 0000008147 00000 n (2008). 2 0 obj Content of this site is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Copyright Two studies have done this in a cross-sectional fashion.